Why insurance data migration in regulated environments is harder in 2026
The compliance director I worked with last winter - a US multi-state P&C carrier, $2.3B GWP, 11 states including New York, three lines including Workers Comp - put the problem in one sentence: “We do not have one migration. We have 11 migrations, because every state DOI has a slightly different lens on what we owe them at examination, and our quarterly NAIC Schedule P has to reconcile across all of them while the cutover is happening.” That carrier was 8 months into a migration program. The technical migration was on schedule. The regulatory continuity workstream - which started 3 months late - was the long pole that pushed their go-live by 5 months.
Insurance data migration in regulated environments is, in my experience, the dimension carriers most consistently underestimate after security. Security gets headlines because of breach risk. Insurance compliance and regulatory compliance operations get findings because of the slower, less dramatic problem of regulatory artifact continuity - Schedule P that does not reconcile, rate filing data that lost a field in transit, a state DOI examination 14 months later that asks for evidence the carrier cannot produce.
This article is the operational complement to the data security during insurance data migration article. Where Pain 5 covers the security control framework (encryption, audit trail, incident response), this article covers the operational reality of running migrations in environments regulated by 50 state DOIs, NAIC, NY DFS, federal regulators, and (for international carriers) Solvency II and GDPR. The two articles work together: security controls protect the data; regulatory operations preserve the artifacts that regulators ask for.
Three forces have made regulatory operations harder in 2026:
- NAIC Model Law adoption is now uneven across 50 states. As of early 2026, 26 of 50 states have adopted NAIC Model Law #668, so a multi-state carrier's migration program has to satisfy the strictest state in scope. New York's 23 NYCRR 500 is the strictest and has, from what I have observed at multi-state carriers, set the de facto migration baseline for any carrier writing in NY.
- State DOI examinations are deeper. State DOI examinations of post-migration insurance environments have, from what I have seen at carriers I work with, increased in depth every year since 2022, with examiners now asking for per-record audit trails, per-field lineage registers, and reconciliation reports against pre-migration baselines. Carriers that designed migration with regulatory continuity in mind pass these examinations clean; carriers that retrofitted it manage findings for 12-18 months post-migration.
- Multi-line carriers face variation pressure. A carrier writing P&C plus Workers Comp plus Life faces three different regulatory regimes inside the same migration - Workers Comp state boards, Life actuarial reserve requirements Schedule P does not cover, and P&C Schedule P plus rate filings. The migration program has to coordinate all three workstreams, which most carriers underestimate by 6-12 months at planning time.
This guide is the operational playbook for CIOs, compliance directors, COOs, and lead architects at US P&C carriers between $500M and $5B GWP. For the broader picture of why insurance data migration is uniquely hard, insurance data migration challenges is the pillar guide; this article focuses on the regulatory operations dimension specifically. Carriers running this regulatory operations workstream are usually doing it alongside a platform decision - see Policy Administration System: The Core of Digital Insurance for the target-platform side of that decision.
Insurance data migration in regulated environments - direct answer
Insurance data migration in regulated environments is the set of operational practices that preserve regulatory artifacts, reconcile regulatory reporting, and integrate with examination cycles during a core platform migration. Where data security controls protect the data itself, regulatory compliance and insurance compliance operations preserve the artifacts and reporting outputs that regulators (NAIC, state DOI, NY DFS, federal regulators, and for international carriers Solvency II) expect a carrier to produce. For multi-state US P&C carriers between $500M and $5B GWP, the operational complexity scales with the number of states, number of lines of business, and number of regulatory frameworks the carrier sits under. The broader picture of insurance data migration challenges covers the strategic context; this article focuses on the regulatory compliance operations dimension specifically.
The short version of the regulatory operations gate:
- Map the regulatory artifacts before scoping the migration - Schedule P, Schedule F, rate filings, state DOI filings, NAIC quarterly returns.
- Block state DOI examination windows from the cutover calendar.
- Reconcile regulatory reporting against pre-migration baseline at every test cycle.
- Coordinate with state DOI before any cutover that crosses an examination cycle.
Treat regulatory artifact preservation as a parallel workstream, not as a sub-task of testing. - Document the per-field lineage register in examination-ready format from the start.
The next sections expand each into a working playbook.
The US regulatory patchwork - NAIC adoption map and implication for migration
Most CIOs I work with can describe NAIC as “the framework” without distinguishing what is and is not enforced state-by-state. The reality is uneven, and the migration program has to plan for the unevenness.
NAIC Model Law adoption snapshot (early 2026)
Sources: NAIC Model Law adoption tracking, NY DFS regulatory framework. State adoption status changes; carriers should verify current adoption with their state DOI for the states they write in.
What multi-state operation looks like in practice
For a carrier writing in 11 states, the migration program has to satisfy:
- The strictest framework in scope (typically NY DFS 23 NYCRR 500 if writing in NY, otherwise NAIC #668 if any state in scope has adopted).
- The data residency expectations of each state DOI (which vary, mostly aligned but with state-specific quirks).
- The examination cycle of each state DOI separately.
- The quarterly NAIC Schedule P filing across all states.
- Any state-specific filings (rate filings, financial filings) per state.
The practical implication: design to the strictest standard once, then verify the artifacts satisfy each state’s specific request. Designing per-state from scratch is overhead the migration program cannot absorb.
Workers Comp adds another regulatory layer
Carriers writing Workers Comp face state Workers Comp boards in addition to state DOIs. The data shape, retention rules, and examination expectations differ. The migration program has to map Workers Comp data separately and reconcile against the relevant state board, in addition to state DOI requirements. From what I have seen at multi-line carriers, the Workers Comp regulatory workstream is the most commonly underestimated piece of the program.
State DOI examination cycle integration - when to migrate, when not to
The state DOI examination cycle is one of the operational constraints most consistently missed in migration planning. State DOIs examine carriers on a roughly 3-5 year cycle, with timing that varies by state and carrier domicile. Migrating into or around an examination window is, in my experience, the regulatory operations decision most likely to produce friction with the regulator.
The four examination windows that matter
For most US P&C carriers, four examination-cycle windows shape the migration calendar:
- Pre-examination (12 months out). State DOI announces examination scope. Migration in this window risks the examination scope expanding to include the migration itself.
- Active examination (3-9 months). State DOI is on-site (or remote) reviewing carrier operations. Migration during active examination is, from what I have observed, almost never the right call.
- Post-examination remediation (3-12 months). Carrier is closing findings. Migration during remediation risks the findings spreading to the new system.
- Quiet window (12-24 months between cycles). Optimal migration window. No active examination, no announced scope, no remediation pressure.
The pre-cutover regulator notification protocol
I recommend that, 90 to 120 days before cutover, the program director (with the compliance director) notifies each relevant state DOI of the planned migration. The notification should include: planned cutover window, scope of data being migrated, security control framework being applied, and rollback plan. Most state DOIs do not require this notification, but in my experience, the carriers that proactively notify produce cleaner relationships at subsequent examination.
For NY DFS, carriers should consult counsel on whether the migration triggers a specific 23 NYCRR 500 notification.
When to migrate around an examination
If an examination is announced within 12 months of planned cutover, three options exist:
- Defer cutover by 6-12 months until post-examination remediation is closed.
- Accelerate cutover to complete before pre-examination scope-setting - only possible if the program is already mature and the security framework is already designed.
- Coordinate explicitly with state DOI to fold the migration into the examination scope - rare, but works when the regulator gets enough lead time.
The right choice is carrier-specific. I would not recommend any of the three without an architecture review.
Section 5: Schedule P and Schedule F continuity through cutover
NAIC Schedule P (loss reserve development) and Schedule F (reinsurance) are the two regulatory reports most carriers find difficult to reconcile through migration. Both are filed quarterly to the NAIC. Both are reviewed in state DOI examinations. Both have data lineage requirements that the migration program has to preserve.
Schedule P continuity
Schedule P reports loss reserves by accident year, line of business, and reserving segment. The migration program has to:
- Map every Schedule P data element from source to target.
- Validate that loss reserves at the pre-migration baseline reconcile to target within 0.5% tolerance.
- Preserve the historical reserve development triangles for at least 10 years.
- Ensure case reserves and IBNR reserves are migrated as separate fields with the underlying actuarial assumptions documented.
In my experience, Schedule P reconciliation is the regulatory artifact that most often surfaces problems at the third test cycle. Reserves that look correct in technical reconciliation can fail actuarial reconciliation because of subtle differences in how the target system applies development factors. The migration program needs an actuarial review at the third test cycle, not at go-live.
Schedule F continuity (reinsurance ceded data)
Schedule F reports reinsurance ceded by reinsurer, treaty, and line of business. The migration of reinsurance data is, in my experience, the regulatory continuity workstream most consistently under-staffed.
For carriers with material reinsurance programs, Schedule F migration requires:
- Per-treaty data preservation, including treaty terms, retention levels, and cession patterns.
- Per-reinsurer balances reconciled to the legacy ledger at migration baseline.
- Ceded loss reserves traced through migration with the same audit trail standard as direct loss reserves.
- Coordination with the carrier’s reinsurance accounting team, who often own data that lives outside the policy admin system.
The carrier I worked with at $2.3B GWP discovered, at month 6, that their reinsurance ceded loss data sat in three different systems (policy admin, reinsurance management system, general ledger), and the migration program had only scoped one of them. The remediation effort consumed 4 months and pushed the program timeline meaningfully.
Rate filings
Rate filings are the third regulatory artifact carriers must preserve. State DOIs use rate filings to verify the data underlying a rate change; if the migration loses or alters a field used in a rate filing, the next rate change can be delayed by 3-6 months while the state DOI re-verifies. The migration program should reconcile rate filing data per state at the third test cycle.
For the underlying insurance data migration best practices that tie reconciliation into the test cycle, see that article.
Multi-line regulatory variation - P&C, Workers Comp, Life
Carriers writing multiple lines of business face regulatory variation that single-line carriers do not. The migration program has to coordinate across regulatory regimes that operate on different cycles, with different artifacts, and different examination depth.
P&C regulatory variation
P&C carriers (auto, home, commercial property, general liability) operate primarily under state DOI examination with NAIC quarterly filing. Key migration-relevant artifacts: Schedule P, Schedule F, rate filings per state, NAIC quarterly returns. Cycle: 3-5 year examination, quarterly NAIC, annual rate review.
Workers Comp regulatory variation
Workers Comp adds state Workers Comp boards as a regulator alongside state DOI. Key migration-relevant artifacts: state-specific Workers Comp filings, NCCI (National Council on Compensation Insurance) reporting where applicable, residual market filings. Cycle: state Workers Comp board variations, NCCI annual, state DOI examination.
The data shape for Workers Comp differs from P&C in:
- Per-claimant data is denser (medical, indemnity, expense reserves separately), and class codes follow NCCI structures that vary by state.
- Reserve development is longer-tailed (decades, not years).
I would not run a Workers Comp migration on the same workstream as P&C. The regulatory operations should be separate, with separate test cycles and separate reconciliation.
Life regulatory variation
Life insurance adds another layer. Key migration-relevant artifacts: Schedule T (state-specific premium tax), Schedule S (special tax reporting), VM-20/VM-21 reserves (principle-based reserving), and (in some states) annual statement supplements specific to Life products. Cycle: state DOI examination with separate Life-specific scope, NAIC LATF requirements, actuarial opinion annually.
Life data shape differs from P&C in:
- Policy duration is measured in decades, with cash value and surrender value calculations carrying forward through migration.
- Beneficiary records must be preserved with full historical context.
Carriers writing both P&C and Life should not assume that what works for one applies to the other. The migration architecture has to accommodate both, and in my experience, the Life regulatoryworkstream is the longer pole when both lines are in scope.
International carriers - Solvency II, GDPR for EU writes
For US carriers with European business, or European carriers operating in the US, the regulatory operations dimension extends across jurisdictions. The migration program has to satisfy both regimes simultaneously.
Solvency II considerations
Solvency II is the European regulatory framework for insurance, with three pillars: quantitative requirements (Pillar 1), supervisory review (Pillar 2), and disclosure (Pillar 3). Migration-relevant requirements:
- Solvency Capital Requirement (SCR) calculation data preservation.
- Minimum Capital Requirement (MCR) reporting continuity.
- Pillar 3 disclosure timing - the SFCR (Solvency and Financial Condition Report) is filed annually. Migration should not run across the SFCR window.
- Data lineage requirements aligned to EIOPA expectations.
Carriers with EU writes should align the migration calendar to avoid the SFCR window (typically Q1 each year) and should preserve SCR/MCR data lineage with at least the same rigor as NAIC Schedule P.
GDPR for EU policyholder data
GDPR applies to personal data of EU residents regardless of carrier domicile. For carriers with EU policyholders, migration must:
- Preserve the lawful basis for processing for each personal data record.
- Maintain data subject access request (DSAR) capability through migration.
- Honor right-to-erasure requests during migration, with documented exceptions for regulatory retention.
- Document cross-border data transfer (if any) under appropriate transfer mechanisms.
For the underlying security control framework that supports both Solvency II and GDPR, the data security during insurance data migration article covers the 10-control framework that applies to both regimes.
Multi-jurisdictional coordination
For a global carrier, the migration program coordinates US state DOIs, NAIC, NY DFS, EIOPA, and applicable EU member state regulators. From what I have seen, this coordination needs a dedicated regulatory program manager reporting to the compliance director - not a sub-task of the migration program director.
The 8-step regulatory artifact preservation playbook
The 8-step playbook below is what I would walk a compliance director through to operationalize regulatory artifact preservation. Each step has a deliverable, an owner, and a checkpoint in the program schedule.
Step 1: Regulatory artifact inventory (Weeks 1-4 of readiness)
Catalogue every regulatory artifact the carrier produces, with: artifact name, regulator, frequency, data sources, retention requirement, and current owner. For a mid-tier multi-state P&C carrier, expect 30-80 artifacts across NAIC, state DOI, Workers Comp boards, and (where applicable) federal.
Step 2: Per-artifact data lineage map (Weeks 5-10 of readiness)
For each artifact, document which fields, from which source systems, with which transformations, produce the artifact. This is the examination-ready format - state DOI examiners can trace any artifact field to its source.
Step 3: Baseline reconciliation snapshot (Week 10 of readiness)
Run every artifact against the pre-migration source data. This is the baseline against which post-migration reconciliation will be compared. Document the snapshot date, run-time, and version.
Step 4: Regulatory continuity workstream owner (Week 10 of readiness)
Name a dedicated owner for the regulatory continuity workstream. This is typically a senior compliance professional or actuarial lead. Not the migration program director, not the data architect - a dedicated role.
Step 5: Test cycle reconciliation (cycles 1, 2, 3)
Each test cycle reconciles the same artifacts against the baseline. Variances over tolerance get a written disposition before the next cycle. Cycle 3 (full-volume dress rehearsal) should produce zero unresolved variances.
Step 6: Pre-cutover regulator notification (T-90 to T-120 days)
Notify relevant state DOIs and (if applicable) NY DFS of the planned migration, with scope and security framework.
Step 7: Cutover-weekend artifact freeze and reconciliation (during cutover)
Freeze all artifacts at the cutover boundary. Run reconciliation reports for the CFO sign-off pack within 24 hours of cutover completion. Any unresolved variance is a release-blocker.
Step 8: Post-cutover examination-readiness sign-off (Week 4-12 post-cutover)
The compliance director signs off that the carrier could produce, on examination request, the per-field lineage register and the per-record audit trail for any migrated data. This is the operational definition of “regulatory continuity complete.”
The playbook is not optional in regulated environments. Carriers that skip steps find them at examination time, when the cost of remediation is 5-10x the cost of building the artifact in time.
Common operational regulatory mistakes that cause findings
The mistakes below are patterns I have personally watched produce state DOI findings or near-misses.
Mistake 1: Treating regulatory continuity as a sub-task of testing
Regulatory continuity is a parallel workstream with its own owner, schedule, and deliverables. When it is folded into testing, it gets de-prioritized at the first schedule pressure. The artifacts surface at examination - by which point remediation is expensive.
Mistake 2: Skipping the per-state artifact mapping
Multi-state carriers underestimate state-specific variation. The migration team designs for “NAIC” without checking each state’s specific requirements. State DOI examination in state #7 asks for an artifact the carrier did not know was state-specific.
Mistake 3: Migrating during an active state DOI examination
Covered in Section 4. From what I have seen at carriers, this is almost never the right call - but carriers do it anyway because the migration timeline is set before the examination is announced. The right answer is to defer.
Mistake 4: Schedule F treated as a side concern
Reinsurance ceded data sits in multiple systems (policy admin, reinsurance management, general ledger) and the migration scope often catches only one. Schedule F reconciliation requires all three. Migrations that scope only the policy admin discover the gap at month 6.
Mistake 5: Workers Comp migrated on the same workstream as P&C
Workers Comp regulatory operations are different enough that the workstream should be separate. Migrating them together produces a hybrid program that satisfies neither set of regulators cleanly.
Mistake 6: Compliance brought in at execution, not readiness
Same pattern as the security workstream. Compliance must be in the regulatory continuity workstream from week 1 of readiness, producing the per-field lineage register in examination-ready format from day one. Bringing them in at month 9 produces a retrofit that costs 5-10x the cost of building it in from the start. The insurance data migration readiness article covers the broader readiness phase that prevents this.
Mistake 7: International carriers ignore SFCR window
Carriers with EU writes plan US migration without aligning to the Solvency II SFCR window (typically Q1 each year). The Pillar 3 disclosure conflicts with the migration. Resolution requires either deferring cutover or running SFCR on legacy data after technical cutover - both add cost.
Mistake 8: Examination-readiness sign-off skipped
The compliance director never produces the post-cutover sign-off. The next examination surfaces gaps. The lesson: the sign-off is a control, not a checkbox. Insurance compliance, like security, is operational discipline - not paperwork.
Decerto Generali Group Poland - multi-jurisdictional acquisition migration
The reference deployment that most directly illustrates regulatory operations in practice is the Generali Group Poland data migration delivered by Decerto.
The regulatory complexity of the setup
When Generali Group Poland acquired another insurance company, the migration spanned a regulatory environment that included Polish insurance supervision (under EIOPA / Solvency II), GDPR for personal data, and multi-line products subject to different regulatory regimes. The acquired data was, in Generali’s own published case study, of poor quality - requiring validation and correction before migration into a regulated environment that demanded full lineage and reconciliation.
What regulatory operations looked like in practice
Three practices from this article are visible in how Decerto and Generali ran the program:
Detailed analysis at acquisition scale. Decerto conducted field-by-field analysis of all relevant objects and processes across both the legacy systems and Generali’s target architecture. This is the per-field lineage register practice executed at acquisition scale - and it is the artifact a supervisor (in this case under Polish supervision and EIOPA framework) would expect to see.
Custom tooling that included reporting as a first-class output. The migration tool Decerto built produced comprehensive migration reports for tracking and verification - not just technical reports but the artifacts a regulator would expect at examination. The audit trail and lineage register were built as primary outputs, not retrofitted.
Multi-round trial migrations. Decerto and Generali conducted dozens of trial migrations before go-live. This is the test cycle reconciliation practice at acquisition scale. Each cycle validated artifacts against baseline before proceeding.
The published outcomes
From the Generali published case study: the balance of financial transactions remained intact, no data loss occurred, and data quality improved through validation and correction. For a US mid-tier P&C carrier asking whether the regulatory operations workstream is worth the investment - the Generali reference is the most direct public answer Decerto can point to.
The same approach scales to US multi-state P&C carriers in the $500M-$5B GWP range - the Migration Architecture Review is where we translate it to your state mix, line mix, and regulator coordination needs.
FAQ
What regulatory requirements apply to insurance data migration in 2026?
For US P&C carriers, the primary requirements are NAIC Model Law #668 (Insurance Data Security Model Law, adopted in 26 states), NAIC Model Law #673 (Standards for Safeguarding Customer Information), NIST Cybersecurity Framework 2.0 (de facto baseline), state DOI examination expectations (vary by state), and NY DFS 23 NYCRR 500 (for carriers writing in NY). Multi-line carriers add Workers Comp board requirements and Life-specific frameworks. International carriers add Solvency II and GDPR.
How do you migrate insurance data across multiple states with different regulators?
Design to the strictest framework in scope (typically NY DFS 23 NYCRR 500 if NY is in scope, otherwise NAIC #668), then verify the artifacts satisfy each state’s specific request. Coordinate the migration calendar to avoid each state’s examination cycle. Notify relevant state DOIs at T-90 to T-120 days. Document per-state artifact requirements in the lineage register.
What is Schedule P continuity during insurance data migration?
Schedule P reports loss reserves by accident year, line of business, and reserving segment. Continuity through migration means: every Schedule P data element is mapped source-to-target, loss reserves reconcile within 0.5% tolerance at each test cycle, historical reserve development triangles are preserved for at least 10 years, and case/IBNR reserves are migrated as separate fields with documented actuarial assumptions.
How do reinsurance ceded data migrations work for Schedule F?
Schedule F reports reinsurance ceded by reinsurer, treaty, and line of business. Migration requires per-treaty data preservation (treaty terms, retention, cession patterns), per-reinsurer balance reconciliation to legacy ledger, ceded loss reserves traced with audit trail equivalent to direct reserves, and coordination with reinsurance accounting (data often sits in 2-3 systems). Schedule F is, in my experience, the most underestimated regulatory workstream.
When can a P&C carrier safely migrate around state DOI examinations?
Optimal window is the “quiet” 12-24 months between examination cycles. Migrate during pre-examination scope-setting (T-12 months) only if the program is mature and security framework is set. Migrate during active examination - almost never. Migrate during post-examination remediation - rare and risky. The right move when an examination conflicts is usually to defer cutover by 6-12 months.
What is the difference between insurance data migration security and regulatory operations?
Security covers controls that protect the data (encryption, access control, audit trail, incident response - the 10-control framework in the Pain 5 article). Regulatory operations covers the artifacts and reporting that regulators expect (Schedule P, Schedule F, rate filings, state DOI filings - the 8-step playbook in Section 8 of this article). Both are required; they are different workstreams.
How does Workers Comp data migration differ from P&C data migration?
Workers Comp adds state Workers Comp boards as a regulator alongside state DOI. Data shape differs: per-claimant medical/indemnity/expense reserves separately, NCCI class codes that vary by state, decade-long reserve development tails. Workers Comp should be run as a separate migration workstream from P&C, with separate test cycles and separate regulatory reconciliation.
Do international carriers face additional regulatory complexity for data migration?
Yes. Carriers with EU writes face Solvency II (with SFCR window typically Q1 each year that the migration calendar should avoid) and GDPR (with lawful basis preservation, DSAR continuity, right-to-erasure honored during migration). Carriers with both US and EU exposure need a multi-jurisdictional regulatory program manager - typically a separate role from the migration program director.
Talk to Decerto about regulated insurance migration
If you read one section of this article on insurance data migration in regulated environments, I would point you here.
Regulatory operations is the workstream most likely to surface at examination 12-18 months post-cutover. Carriers that built it in from week 1 of readiness pass examinations clean. Carriers that retrofitted it manage findings for the next 18 months. The cost difference is 5-10x, and the reputational cost of findings compounds.
A free 30-minute Migration Architecture Review with me (Janusz Januszkiewicz), vendor-neutral, drawing on 15+ years of insurance migration experience across US and EU regulatory frameworks plus a senior Decerto architect. You bring your state mix, line mix, and top three regulatory concerns; we leave with a preliminary regulatory artifact inventory size, a recommendation on examination cycle alignment, and an honest assessment of which workstreams need immediate attention.
Decerto’s Data Migrator platform and migration services are built for mid-tier P&C carriers in the $500M-$5B GWP range with US regulatory exposure (NAIC, state DOI, NY DFS where applicable). For carriers with primarily international exposure (Solvency II only, no US writes), a partner with deeper EIOPA experience is the better fit. For sub-$250M GWP single-state carriers, the regulatory operations framework in this article is the right reference but the vendor cost may be over-scaled. For $5B+ enterprise carriers running on Guidewire ClassicSuite, Guidewire’s services partners are the better technical fit.
The 8-step regulatory artifact preservation playbook is the same one used on the Generali Group Poland multi-jurisdictional migration, on the Warta agent platform consolidation, on the BNP Paribas Cardif claims handling centralization, and on US-side mid-tier engagements that remain under NDA. The framework is operational, not theoretical.
Sources and citations
- NAIC. (2024). Insurance Data Security Model Law (#668). National Association of Insurance Commissioners.
- NAIC. (2024). Standards for Safeguarding Customer Information (Model Law #673). National Association of Insurance Commissioners.
- NAIC. (2024). Annual Statement Instructions - Schedule P and Schedule F.
- NIST. (2024). Cybersecurity Framework 2.0. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
- NY DFS. (2024). 23 NYCRR 500 - Cybersecurity Requirements for Financial Services Companies. New York Department of Financial Services.
- ACORD. (2025). ACORD Standards - AL3 and XML reference documentation.
- EIOPA. (2024). Solvency II framework documentation.
- McKinsey & Company. (2025). Global Insurance Report 2025: The Pursuit of Growth. h
- Deloitte. (2025). 2026 Insurance Industry Outlook - Regulatory Trends.



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